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Li et al. interactions (Figure 1A; Table 1). Since OCT1 has an overlapping substrate spectrum with the apically localized export proteins MATE1 [gene symbol (Nies et al., 2011)] and P-glycoprotein [P-gp, MDR1; gene symbol (Nies et al., 2008; Misaka et al., 2016)], double-transfected cell models have been established (MDCK-OCT1-MATE1 or MDCK-OCT1-P-gp) for investigating the vectorial transport mediated by both proteins (Table 2). MATE1 and P-glycoprotein are both localized in the apical (canalicular) membrane of human hepatocytes and responsible for the export of substances out of the cells into bile (Thiebaut et al., 1987; Otsuka et al., 2005). When expressed together…